Washback effect 後效作用

　　Washback effect(後效作用)是討論測驗時常會談到的。依據學者的定義，
Shohamy, Donitsa-Schmidt, and Ferman (1996), washback is "the connections between testing and learning" (p. 298) 「是測驗與學習的連結」；Gates (1995), it is "the influence of testing on teaching and learning" (p. 101)「是測驗對教與學的影響」；Messick (1996) washback is "the extent to which the introduction and use of a test influences language teachers and learners to do things they would not otherwise do that promote or inhibit language learning" (p. 241)「是測驗影響語言師生去做可以幫助或抑制語言學習的事」。

參考文獻
Gates, S. (1995). Exploiting washback from standardized tests. In J. D. Brown & S. O. 　Yamashita (Eds.), Language testing in Japan (pp. 101-106). Tokyo: Japanese　Association for Language Teaching. 　　

Messick, S. (1996). Validity and washback in language testing. Language Testing, 13,241-256.

Shohamy, E., Donitsa-Schmidt, S., & Ferman, I. (1996). Test impact revisited:　Washback effect over time. Language Testing, 13, 298-317.

文章來源
http://www.jalt.org/test/bro_14.htm